Soil type characteristics:
Gleysols occur throughout the world where groundwater comes near to the surface, causing soils to become wet for a prolonged part of the year. They are particularly abundant in the low-lying river basins.
Characteristics
Soils having gleyic properties (properties associated with prolonged wetness) within 50 cm from the soil surface. They have no diagnostic horizons other than an anthraquic, histic, mollic, ochric, takyric, or umbric horizon at the surface, or an andic, calcic, cambic, gypsic, plinthic, salic, sulfuric, or vitric horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface.
Distribution of Gleysols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)
Description:
Reference soil ID005: Gleysols
LOCATION: Gunung Leuser National park. GEOLOGY: Eocene-Miocene regressive sediments, mixture of kaolinite, halloysite and gibbsite. VEGETATION: "blang vegetation", subalpine zone. CLIMATE: the mean annual temperature at site is estimated to be 11 °C. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Ah1 - plant structures are sometimes discernible. Ah2 - colour tends to 10YR 2/3; peat mixed with only a bit anorganic sandy loam; in the lower part the colour changes to 7.5YR 2/3. Bw - intensively mixed with decomposed organic material; mottles occur along roots. C1 - colour tends to 10YR 7/1. C2 - the argilleous inclusions (clay concentrations) occur in the lower part, their colour is N 6/1 to N 7/1; the mottles occur along thin cracks. Just below the Ah appears to exist a more white coloured layer of about 5 cm which has not been recognized in the field, probably due to wet circumstances. Nature of this horizon is not yet stated. REFERENCES: - Van Beek, C.C.G., 1982. Een geomorfologische bodemkundige studie van het Gunung Leuser nationale park, Noord Sumatra, Indonesie (in Dutch). Utrechtse geografische studies 26. Geografisch instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands.
General information:
| Köppen | Cf |
| Location | Sumatra, Alas Rift Valley, Gunung Bandahara, N of Kutacane |
| Authors | Van Beek CGG |
| Date | 1980-02-01 |
| Lat/Lon | 3.7667, 97.7833 |
Code:
ID005
Parent material
| Texture of parent material | clayey |
| Remarks on Parent Materials | Kemiri Series (Eocene-Miocene) |
| Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984 | sediment, unconsolidated |
| Texture of parent material (second entry) | clayey |
Physiography
| Form of the slope surrounding the site | concave |
| Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006) | undulating |
| Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne. | plateau |
| Physiographic Unit | plateau on mountain Bandahara |
| Physiographic position of the site | flat |
| Altitude | 2670m |
| Slope | 1% |
Hydrology and drainage
| Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile | slow |
| Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description | poor |
Land use
| Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation | VEGETATION: "Blang vegetation", subalpine zone: low shrubs, grasses, scattered low trees |
| Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site | (semi-)natural vegetation |
| Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006) | shrub |
Classification
WRB 2006
| Histic Gleysols (Hyperdystric ) |
| - | gleyic colour pattern horizon |
| - | reducing conditions horizon |
| 0-30 | histic horizon |
FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974
| Humic Gleysols |
| - | hydromorphic horizon |
| 0-30 cm | histic H horizon |
| 30-40 cm | cambic B horizon |
Local classification
| Classification information | Bandahara Blang |
Other classification
| USDA-NRCS (1999) | Typic Endoaquand |
Other
| Description of a site | LOCATION: Gunung Leuser National park. GEOLOGY: Eocene-Miocene regressive sediments, mixture of kaolinite, halloysite and gibbsite. VEGETATION: "blang vegetation", subalpine zone. CLIMATE: the mean annual temperature at site is estimated to be 11 °C. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Ah1 - plant structures are sometimes discernible. Ah2 - colour tends to 10YR 2/3; peat mixed with only a bit anorganic sandy loam; in the lower part the colour changes to 7.5YR 2/3. Bw - intensively mixed with decomposed organic material; mottles occur along roots. C1 - colour tends to 10YR 7/1. C2 - the argilleous inclusions (clay concentrations) occur in the lower part, their colour is N 6/1 to N 7/1; the mottles occur along thin cracks. Just below the Ah appears to exist a more white coloured layer of about 5 cm which has not been recognized in the field, probably due to wet circumstances. Nature of this horizon is not yet stated. REFERENCES: - Van Beek, C.C.G., 1982. Een geomorfologische bodemkundige studie van het Gunung Leuser nationale park, Noord Sumatra, Indonesie (in Dutch). Utrechtse geografische studies 26. Geografisch instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands. |
Profile description
| Ah1 0-15 cm | dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)organic moderately,clear boundary to, |
| Ah2 15-30 cm | yellowish brown (10YR 5/8, moist)dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist),organic highly,sandy loam,(7.5 YR 4/6),clear wavy boundary to,abrupt boundary to, |
| C1 40-65 cm | (7.5YR 7/1, moist)clay loam,very fine angular blocky to ME platy,common mottles (7.5 YR 7/8),clear boundary to, |
| C2 65-190 cm | white (10YR 8/2, moist)loam,common mottles (7.5 YR 6/8),large spherical argillaceous unspecified inclusions,medium gravel quartz fragments, |
Chemical characteristics
| Depth (cm) | C % weight/weight | Ca cmol(c)/kg | CaCO3 % weight/weight | C / N unitless | EC 1: 2.5 mS/cm | Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg | Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg | K cmol(c)/kg | Mg cmol(c)/kg | N % | Na cmol(c)/kg | pH H2O unitless | pHKCl unitless | Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg |
| 0-30 | 12.80 | 0.0 | - | 17 | 0.11 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.75 | 0.3 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 0.6 |
| 30-40 | 5.26 | 0.0 | - | 15 | 0.03 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.35 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 0.2 |
| 40-55 | 0.49 | 0.0 | - | 10 | 0.03 | - | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 0 |
| 55-55 | 0.28 | 0.0 | - | 9 | 0.01 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.4 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 0.6 |
| Depth (cm) | Al sat. % | Base sat. % | CEC clay cmol(c)/kg | CEC org cmol(c)/kg | CEC soil cmol(c)/kg | ECEC cmol(c)/kg | ESP % |
| 0-30 | 7 | 1 | 603 | 44.8 | 42.8 | - | 1 |
| 30-40 | 1 | 1 | 271 | 18.4 | 34.9 | - | 1 |
| 40-55 | - | 0 | 32 | 1.7 | 10.7 | - | 0 |
| 55-55 | - | 5 | 56 | 1.0 | 11.6 | - | 3 |
| Depth (cm) | Al d % weight/weight | Al o % weight/weight | Al p % weight/weight | C p % weight/weight | Fe d % weight/weight | Fe o % weight/weight | Fe p % weight/weight | ODOE unitless | pH NaF unitless | P Retention % | Si o % weight/weight |
| 0-30 | 1.07 | 1.52 | 1.18 | - | 1.07 | 0.82 | 0.83 | - | 10.3 | 89 | 0.30 |
| 30-40 | 1.38 | 6.38 | 0.87 | - | 0.45 | 0.09 | 0.18 | - | 10.7 | 98 | 2.60 |
| 40-55 | 0.16 | 0.48 | 0.25 | - | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.03 | - | 10.2 | - | 0.00 |
| 55-55 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.11 | - | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.02 | - | 9.8 | - | 0.00 |
Physical characteristics
Particle size distribution
| Depth (cm) | Clay % weight/weight | coarse sand % weight/weight | coarse silt % weight/weight | fine sand % weight/weight | fine silt % weight/weight | Gravel % volume/volume | medium sand % weight/weight | Total sand % weight/weight | Total silt % weight/weight | very coarse sand % weight/weight | very fine sand % weight/weight |
| 0-30 | 7.1 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 30.0 | 25.0 | - | 9.6 | 59.7 | 33.1 | 1.1 | 16.1 |
| 30-40 | 12.9 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 34.7 | 10.7 | - | 19.0 | 71.3 | 15.8 | 0.5 | 13.3 |
| 40-55 | 33.8 | 2.3 | 7.1 | 10.7 | 32.2 | - | 5.1 | 27 | 39.3 | 1.7 | 7.2 |
| 55-55 | 20.6 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 10.4 | 27.4 | - | 9.8 | 43 | 36.5 | 7.4 | 6.3 |
Other physical data
| Depth (cm) | Bulk density kg/dm³ | Clay % weight/weight | COLE cm/cm | Spec. Surf. Area m²/g | Water disp. clay % |
| 0-30 | 0.350 | 7.1 | - | - | - |
| 30-40 | 0.460 | 12.9 | - | - | - |
| 40-55 | 1.280 | 33.8 | - | - | - |
| 55-55 | 1.290 | 20.6 | - | - | - |
Water retention characteristics
| Depth (cm) | Bulk density kg/dm³ | pF 0 % volume/volume | pF 1.0 % volume/volume | pF 1.5 % volume/volume | pF 2.0 % volume/volume | pF 2.3 % volume/volume | pF 2.7 % volume/volume | pF 3.4 % volume/volume | pF 4.2 % volume/volume |
| 0-30 | 0.350 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 30-40 | 0.460 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 40-55 | 1.280 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 55-55 | 1.290 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Elemental composition of the clay
| Depth (cm) | Al2O3 % weight/weight | CaO % weight/weight | Fe2O3 % weight/weight | K2O % weight/weight | MgO % weight/weight | Na2O % weight/weight | SiO2 % weight/weight | TiO2 % weight/weight |
| 0-30 | 19.6 | 0.02 | 5.8 | 0.40 | 0.44 | - | 28.6 | 4.81 |
| 30-40 | 42.1 | 0.02 | 3.9 | 0.26 | 0.30 | - | 23.2 | 0.53 |
| 40-55 | 37.0 | 0.01 | 1.8 | 0.58 | 0.23 | - | 44.9 | 1.18 |
| Depth (cm) | Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol | Ign.Loss clay % weight/weight | MnO2 % weight/weight | P2O5 % weight/weight | SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol | SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol | SiO2 / R mol/mol | Total Clay % weight/weight |
| 0-30 | - | 39.1 | 0.01 | 0.48 | 2.5 | 13.3 | 2.1 | 99.2 |
| 30-40 | - | 28.0 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 0.9 | 16.2 | 0.9 | 98.7 |
| 40-55 | - | 14.3 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 2.1 | 69.2 | 2.0 | 100.2 |
Elemental composition of the soil
| Depth (cm) | Al2O3 % weight/weight | CaO % weight/weight | Fe2O3 % weight/weight | K2O % weight/weight | MgO % weight/weight | Na2O % weight/weight | SiO2 % weight/weight | TiO2 % weight/weight |
| 0-30 | 10.2 | 0.81 | 2.3 | 2.01 | 0.29 | - | 53.5 | 0.92 |
| 30-40 | 23.6 | 1.04 | 3.3 | 2.18 | 0.79 | - | 43.5 | 0.52 |
| 40-55 | 18.4 | 0.01 | 1.4 | 0.62 | 0.17 | - | 70.5 | 1.28 |
| 55-55 | 23.4 | 0.00 | 1.3 | 1.07 | 0.19 | - | 63.5 | 1.31 |
| Depth (cm) | Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol | LOI % weight/weight | MnO2 % weight/weight | P2O5 % weight/weight | SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol | SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol | SiO2 / R mol/mol |
| 0-30 | 7.0 | 28.1 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 8.9 | 61.9 | 7.8 |
| 30-40 | 11.2 | 23.4 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 3.1 | 35.1 | 2.9 |
| 40-55 | 20.6 | 8.7 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 134.1 | 6.2 |
| 55-55 | 28.2 | 10.1 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 4.6 | 130.0 | 4.4 |
Clay mineralogy
| Depth (cm) | Chlorite unitless | Feldspar unitless | Gibbsite unitless | Goethite unitless | Halloysite unitless | Hematite unitless | Kaolinite unitless | Mica / illite unitless | Mixed-layer unitless | Quartz unitless | Smec unitless | Vermiculite unitless |
| 0-30 | - | - | medium | - | - | - | medium | small | - | - | - | medium |
| 30-40 | - | - | large | - | - | - | small | - | - | - | - | - |
| 40-55 | - | - | very small | - | - | - | very large | medium | - | - | - | - |
| 55-55 | - | - | - | - | - | - | large | medium | - | - | - | - |
Rare clay minerals
| Depth (cm) | Boehmite unitless | Cristobalite unitless | Jarosite unitless | Nordstrandite unitless | Palygorskite unitless | Septechlorite unitless |
| 0-30 | - | medium | - | - | - | - |
| 30-40 | - | small | - | - | - | - |
| 40-55 | - | medium | - | - | - | - |
| 55-55 | - | large | - | - | - | - |